Head and neck cancer

What does the term “head and neck cancer” include?

Head and neck cancer is a general term that includes all cancers that develop in anatomical areas of the head and neck. It includes malignancies of the oral and nasal cavity, salivary glands, throat and larynx.

Who are more likely to get head and neck cancer?

It is more common in men and in people over 50 years of age. Predisposing factors include smoking and alcohol use. Their combination significantly increases the risk of head and neck cancer. Other factors that have been implicated include viral infection (HPV and EBV), poor oral hygiene, occupational exposure and previous radiation exposure to the areas in question.

Are there any symptoms indicative of head and neck cancer?

The symptoms of head and neck cancer depend on the location where the tumour develops and the extent of the disease. In the early stages the signs and symptoms may go unnoticed or seem innocent. Swollen cervical lymph nodes, throat pain, ear pain or hoarse voice are often attributed to benign conditions. However, any swelling or symptom that persists should be checked immediately by a physician. Patients often visit the doctor having identified suspicious symptoms themselves (e.g. hoarseness of voice, ulcers in the mouth or tongue or palpable lumps in the neck).

What tests does a patient with suspected head and neck cancer undergo?

Endoscopic examination (laryngoscopy) can detect tumours in the larynx and throat area. Imaging with CT or MRI scans of the head and neck area show lesions and the local extent of the disease. Chest and – more rarely – abdomen CT scans may show distant metastases. Very often, PET-CT Scan is used to accurately determine the extent of the disease.

What are the treatments available today?

Treatment options depend on the location of the disease, the histological type and stage of the disease, possible side effects and the patient’s general health status. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the basis of treatment for most cases of head and neck cancer as they offer the prospect of radical treatment and cure. Chemotherapy, targeted therapies and immunotherapy are also treatment options in more advanced forms of the disease. Often, however, even in the early stages, a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be used, with the prospect of a complete cure.

Do all head and neck cancer patients receive the same treatment?

Tumours in these organs have certain common characteristics, similar biology and similar treatment. For this reason they are classified in the same group. Of course, each organ is different, so each patient with head and neck cancer needs a separate, individualized approach to diagnosis and treatment.